How Meteors Form and What They Are

Experienced stargazers are familiar with meteors. They can fall any time of the day or night, but these bright flashes of light are much easier to see in dim light or darkness. While they are often referred to as falling or shooting stars, these bits of fiery rock actually have nothing to do with stars. Key Takeaways: Meteors Meteors are flashes of light made when bits of space rock speed through our atmosphere and burst into flames.Meteors may be created by comets and asteroids but are not themselves comets and asteroids.A meteorite is a space rock that survives the trip through the atmosphere and lands on the surface of a planet.Meteors can be detected by the sounds they give off as they pass through the atmosphere. Defining Meteors Technically, meteors are flashes of light that occur when a small bit of space debris called a speeds through Earths atmosphere. Meteors may be only about the size of a grain of sand or a pea, although some are small pebbles. The largest can be giant boulders the size of mountains. Most, however, result from tiny bits of space rock that happen to stray across Earth during its orbit.   Looking at an incoming meteor descend through Earths atmosphere, as seen from the International Space Station. NASA How Do Meteors Form? When meteors hurtle through the layer of air surrounding Earth, friction caused by the molecules of gas that make up our planets atmosphere heats them up, and the meteors surface begins warm up and glow. Eventually, the heat and high speed combine to vaporize the meteor usually high above Earths surface.  Larger chunks of debris break apart, showering many pieces down through the sky. Most of those vaporize, too. When that happens, observers can see different colors in the flare surrounding the meteor. The colors are due to the gases in the atmosphere being heated up along with the meteor, as well as from materials inside the debris itself.  Some larger pieces create very large flares in the sky, and are often referred to as bolides. Meteorite Impacts Larger meteors that survive the trip through the atmosphere and and land on the Earths surface, or in bodies of water, are known as meteorites. Meteorites are often very dark, smooth rocks, usually containing iron or a combination of stone and iron. Many pieces of space rock that make it to the ground and are found by meteorite hunters are fairly small and incapable of doing much damage. Only the larger meteoroids will create a crater when they land. Nor are they smoking hot—another common misconception. Meteorite Hunters. NASA Johnson Space Center The piece of space rock that made Meteor Crater in Arizona, was about 160 feet (50 meters) across. The Chelyabinsk impactor that landed in Russia in 2013 was about 66 feet (20 meters) long and caused shock waves that shattered windows across a wide distance. Today, these kinds of large impacts are relatively rare on Earth, but billions of years ago when the Earth was formed, our planet was bombarded by incoming space rocks of all sizes. The fireball created as a superbolide flared over Chelyabinsk, Russia, on February 15, 2013. This was shot with a dashcam. Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY. Meteor Impact and the Death of the Dinosaurs One of the largest and most recent impact events occurred nearly 65,000 years ago when a piece of space rock about 6 to 9 miles (10 to 15 kilometers) across smashed into Earths surface near where the Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula is today. The region is called Chicxulub (pronounced Cheesh-uh-loob) and wasnt discovered until the 1970s. The impact, which may actually have been caused by multiple incoming rocks, had a drastic impact on Earth, including earthquakes, tidal waves, and sudden and extended climate change caused by debris suspended in the atmosphere. The Chicxulub impactor dug out a crater some 93 miles (150 km) in diameter and is widely associated with a huge extinction of life that likely included most dinosaur species.   Fortunately, those kinds of meteoroid impacts are fairly rare on our planet. They still occur on other worlds in the solar system. From those events, planetary scientists get a good idea of how cratering works on solid rock and ice surfaces, as well as in the upper atmospheres of the gas- and ice-giant planets.   Is an Asteroid a Meteor? Though they can be sources of meteors, asteroids are not meteors. They are separate, small bodies in the solar system. Asteroids supply meteor material through collisions, which scatter bits of their rock throughout space. Comets can also generate meteors, by spreading trails of rock and dust as they orbit the Sun. When Earths orbit intersects the orbits of comet trails or asteroid debris, those bits of space material can get swept up. Thats when they start the fiery trip through our atmosphere, vaporizing as they go. If anything survives to reach the ground, thats when they become meteorites.  Ã‚   Asteroid Vesta has supplied some meteorites that landed on Earth. NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA Meteor Showers There are a number of chances for Earth to plow trails of debris left behind by asteroid breakups and cometary orbits. When Earth does encounter a track of space debris, the resulting meteor events are called meteor showers. They can result in anywhere from a few tens of meteors in the sky per hour each night up to nearly a hundred. It all depends on how thick the trail is and how many meteoroids make the final trip through our atmosphere.   A sample of what a meteor shower provides in the night sky. The meteors of the Orionid Meteor shower appear to radiate from the direction of the constellation Orion. They are, in reality, bits of dust from a comet vaporizing in Earths upper atmosphere. Carolyn Collins Petersen

Grade 8 (K-12) Science Teachers Guide - 13696 Words

8 Science Teacher’s Guide This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@deped.gov.ph. We value your feedback and recommendations. Department of Education Republic of the Philippines i Science – Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide First Edition, 2013 ISBN: Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of†¦show more content†¦. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Rolling toy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work, Energy, and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: How POWER-ful am I? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Module 3. Heat and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Explaining hotness or coldness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Dye in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3.1: What happens when ice melts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3.2: What happens to the temperature of water as it boils?. Activity 4: What is the relationship between the mass of a material and the amount of heat it can transfer?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 5: Comparing heat capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Module 4. Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current and Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Common Core State Standards788 Words   |  4 Pagescore concepts and procedures in the early grades, the objective of CCSS is to give teachers the time needed to properly teach the standar ds and also to give the students the time they need to master the material. The standards were created with a closeness that reflects the current international models of eduction that are being used in numerous countries around the world. 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The Loon Project in India

Question: Analyse the loon project in India. Answer: Introduction Project loon is a one of the most innovative and implementing projects which have been initiated by the Google with the help of Indian Government. In this project the government and the Google wants to deliver internet facilities all across the country in India by the help of balloon powered. To convince the government about the project and to negotiate with the government about the usage and the bandwidth the new CEO of the organisation Google has been came to India to talk with the Honourable Prime Minister along with the technical administrative people of mobile service provider. To connect the people from the rural and remote location the organisation like Google deigned new technological implementation in their network of balloons[1](Jorge 2009). Initiation of the Project The initiation of the project had been starts in the year 2013 month of June with the experiment in the New Zealand. To test the technology some small group of the Project Loon pioneers has been sent to Christchurch and Canterbury. By the help of the pilot testing of this project it can be help the technology to implement in the India for the effective outcomes of the Project Loon. Technology In the Project loon balloon technology the balloons will float in the Stratosphere and that will establish twice high as airplanes and the weather. With the help of the internet antenna in the building the people or the individuals in the rural and remote location will connect with the internet. The signal of the internet will bounces according to the different balloons and then it back on the earth[2]. It has been observed that due to the thinner atmosphere in the air layer in Stratosphere there are less protection from the UV radiation and the sun rays temperature. To design the Loon the organisation designed the balloon with the help of Envelope, Solar Panel and the different equipment. According to the CEO of the Google it has been announced that with the help of the Project Loon the world can goes around with the internet facilities within 22 days and all the people of the world can easily access the internet facilities with almost 3G speeds. Problem Statement The major issues with the project are to convince the Government of India about the bandwidth space in the internet usage. The organisation tries to develop the balloon technology by using the 700 MHz -800 MHz but the government did not ready to provide high bandwidth amount. After some conversation with the Indian Government it has been finalised that the government will provide almost 2500 MHz band with the help of BSNL service provider[3]. This can be the main problem statement for the organisation like Google to promote the low band. On the other hand it has been observed that there are two additional problems. One of the problems is the use of countrywide airspace. In accordance with the Economic Times, the Aviation and Defence Ministry, Home Ministry were also worried about the safety and security issues of the project, with doubts and worries concerning on close watch, and intrusion with military aircraft or chartered flight routes. Secondly, it has been shown that many countr ies accuse for these reason over flight constitutional rights. So there might be the gaining of the authorization and then the probable imbursement requirements[4]. Impact of the Project There are several positive and negative impacts of the Project Loon. By the help of the technological implementation in the all over the world the organisation can easily manage to use internet for all the people across the world. The technology consists of high speed and it increases the internet usage for the people[5] . On the other hand it has been observed that after several testing of the Project Loon the cost of the project is too high for the rural and remote area development. The maintenance of the technology is too difficult and the balloon will work for only two weeks. Conclusion and recommendation To make an effective desired outcomes the company responded well by the help of innovation and the implementation on the Project loon the organisation like Google needs to aware about the effective technological implementation and proper communication with the Indian Government[6]. To mitigate some safety issues with concerning on the defence and aviation the Google needs to communicate more with the aviation and defence ministry in their project process. The CEO of the Google Sundar Pichai has more confidence that he can manage the government of India in there further conversation and he can negotiate with the band which has been offered by the government. With the help of pre success in the other country the organisation can easily cop up with the factors with the Indian Government and they can easily manage to change the decision for the Indian government. References Bhaskar, V 1995 On the generic instability of mixed strategies in asymmetric contests [Tilburg: Tilburg University] Jolly, Dominique 2000 'Three generic resource-based strategies' International Journal of Technology Management 19/7/8: 773 Jorge, Maria Fabiana 2009 'The generic industry is changing and will require new global strategies and policies' J Generic Med 6/2: 97-98 Karnani, Aneel 1984 'Generic competitive strategiesAn analytical approach' Strat. Mgmt. J. 5/4: 367-380 Samuel, A. E Weir, John 1999 Introduction to engineering design Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Udayasankar, Krishna Das, Shobha S. 'Competitive Institutional Strategies: A New Generic Typology' SSRN Electronic Journal [1] Jorge, Maria Fabiana 2009 'The generic industry is changing and will require new global strategies and policies' J Generic Med 6/2: 97-98 [2] Karnani, Aneel 1984 'Generic competitive strategiesAn analytical approach' Strat. Mgmt. J. 5/4: 367-380 [3] Jolly, Dominique 2000 'Three generic resource-based strategies' International Journal of Technology Management 19/7/8: 773 [4] Samuel, A. E Weir, John 1999 Introduction to engineering design Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann [5] Bhaskar, V 1995 On the generic instability of mixed strategies in asymmetric contests [Tilburg: Tilburg University] [6] Udayasankar, Krishna Das, Shobha S. 'Competitive Institutional Strategies: A New Generic Typology' SSRN Electronic Journal.